Thursday, 26 June 2025

Hydrogen - Is This the Fuel of the Future?

 Hydrogen - Is This the Fuel of the Future?

If you look at the current edition of New Scientist you will find many article about hydrogen exploration. I asked Google Gemini "List recent publications concerning geological exploration for hydrogen" and got THIS VERY INTERESTING ANSWER.

Hydrogen as a fuel is a very good thing - it's combustion leads to energy and water. Up to now the problem has been difficulties in making or finding it, storing and transporting it, and having the engines to use it. The infrastructure of the oil industry already exists and up to now, fulfils the needs of society.

But the advance of electric vehicles suggests that oil might be on the way out. Oil companies are no doubt aware of this. But electricity is not their thing. Finding and moving hazardous materials is. I suspect that they see movement from oil to hydrogen as fitting in with their expertise.

A movement from oil fuel to electricity might be difficult for them. A change from oil to hydrogen - not so much.



Saturday, 14 June 2025

A Dinosaur's Last Meal

 A Dinosaur's Last Meal

A correspondent, who is currently in the area, sent me the link to THIS ARTICLE which concerns the work done on an Upper Cretaceous sauropod (Diamantinasaurus matildae) found near the small town of Winton in the middle of Queensland, Australia.

The dinosaur, called Judy for reasons which need not detain us, is so well preserved that her stomach contents are preserved. This is the first time that we have direct evidence that sauropods were vegetarian. There is lots of indirect evidence that they must have been so but now we can see what they ate.

Also she is the first dinosaur fossil with skin preserved that has been found in Australia.


Small portion of Judy's skin, showing approximately hexagonal scales covered in tiny lumps (termed papillae). Scale bar in centimetres. (Poropat et al., Current Biology, 2025)

Judy's stomach contents confirm what had been thought - sauropods ate from trees high off the ground. But she was not fully grown and so, also ate low growing plants - angiosperms.

The work done on Judy is also discussed in THIS ARTICLE. The source paper for both is THIS ACADEMIC PAPER. The latter covers everything in painstaking detail. I particularly liked "The fossilised bones were exposed using standard digging equipment (e.g., hammers, chisels, screwdrivers, dental probes, paintbrushes)"


Saturday, 7 June 2025

Were There Five Mass Extinctions?

 Were There Five Mass Extinctions?

THIS ARTICLE in New Scientist questions whether there were five Mass Extinctions - end of the Ordovician (445 million years ago), the late Devonian (372 million years ago), the end-Permian (252 million years ago), the end-Triassic (201 million years ago) and the end-Cretaceous.

The evidence for mass extinctions is best seen in the marine environment, where fossil preservation is easier. On land preservation is more difficult. And so mass extinction is more difficult to prove. Or is it that mass extinction did not happen on land?

And if it did not happen on land, was it a mass extinction? On land, animals find it easier to move than sea creatures. Plants have seeds which can survive long after the parent dies. Insects, with there rapid regeneration times, seem to avoid extinction. (But have a poor fossil record.)

Much of the argument seems to come down to a matter of definition. Labelling the present day as the Sixth Mass Extinction might make conservation goals more difficult if it comes to arguing about definitions.